TEXTUAL RESEARCH
COMPARE THE ACTUAL WITNESSES
Translation differences are documented before motives are assigned.| Question | Hebrew witness | Ancient translation | English presentation | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Divine name | יהוה appears in the Hebrew consonantal text. | Greek Jewish and Christian manuscript traditions often use κύριος (“Lord”). | Many English Bibles use LORD in small capitals. | Exodus 3:15 Hebrew ↗ NRSVUE Exodus 3 ↗ |
| Isaiah 7:14 | The Hebrew noun is ‘almah. | The Greek Septuagint uses parthenos. | English versions differ between “young woman” and “virgin.” | Isaiah 7:14 Hebrew ↗ NETS Isaiah ↗ |
| Psalm numbering | Hebrew and Greek traditions sometimes divide or combine psalms differently. | Septuagint numbering can differ by one from common Hebrew-based numbering. | Some editions print both numbers. | NETS Psalms ↗ |
| Translation method | Check the base text and its grammar. | Compare how ancient translators understood the passage. | Compare several modern translations and their footnotes. | Sefaria Tanakh ↗ NETS editions ↗ |